Tag: Standard

The International Minimum Standard and Fair and Equitable Treatment


Free Download The International Minimum Standard and Fair and Equitable Treatment By Martins Paparinskis
2013 | 264 Pages | ISBN: 0199694508 | PDF | 3 MB
Investment protection treaties generally provide for the obligation to treat investments fairly and equitably, even if the wording of the rule and its relationship with the customary international standard may differ. The open-textured nature of the rule, the ambiguous relationship between the vague treaty and equally vague customary rules, and States’ interpretations of the content and relationship of both rules (not to mention the frequency of successful invocation by investors) make this issue one of the most controversial aspect of investment protection law. This monograph engages in a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between the international minimum standard and fair and equitable treatment. It provides an original argument about the historical development of the international standard, a normative rationale for reading it into the treaty rules of fair and equitable treatment, and a coherent methodology for establishing the content of this standard.The first part of this book untangles the history of both the international minimum standard and fair and equitable treatment. The second part addresses the normative framework within which the contemporary debate takes place. After an exhaustive review of all relevant sources, it is argued that the most persuasive reading of fair and equitable treatment is that it always makes a reference to customary law. The third part of the book builds on the historical analysis and the normative framework, explaining the content of the contemporary standard by careful comparative human rights analysis.

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Mathematics Analysis and Approaches for the IB Diploma Standard Level (2024)


Free Download Tim Garry, Ibrahim Wazir, "Mathematics Analysis and Approaches for the IB Diploma Standard Level"
English | 2019 | ISBN: 1292267410 | PDF | pages: 609 | 143.6 mb
Mathematics Analysis and Approaches for the IB Diploma Standard Level is a comprehensive textbook covering the 2019 curriculum. The book also includes the following written by an expert authoring team additional integrated digital content including GeoGebra applets created specifically for the course worked examples to help you tackle questions practice questions to help you prepare for the exam rich and wide-ranging chapter on Mathematics in Theory of Knowledge guidance on internal assessment

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The Columbia Guide to Standard American English


Free Download Kenneth Wilson, "The Columbia Guide to Standard American English"
English | 1993 | pages: 501 | ISBN: 0231069898 | PDF | 27,9 mb
In the most reliable and readable guide to effective writing for the Americans of today, Wilson answers questions of meaning, grammar, pronunciation, punctuation, and spelling in thousands of clear, concise entries. His guide is unique in presenting a systematic, comprehensive view of language as determined by context. Wilson provides a simple chart of contexts―from oratorical speech to intimate, from formal writing to informal―and explains in which contexts a particular usage is appropriate, and in which it is not.

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